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- Solid tire manufacturers talk about driving resistance and driving force
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Solid tire manufacturers talk about driving resistance and driving force
source：大楚神馳車輪股份有限公司 | Release time：2023-01-03In the process of traveling, the car will certainly be subject to driving resistance from all aspects. The rolling resistance from the tire to the ground and the air resistance from the air should be overcome when the vehicle is running at a constant speed. When accelerating or climbing, it is necessary to overcome the acceleration resistance and climbing resistance additionally. Therefore, the total resistance to driving is
Rolling resistance
During the rolling process of the wheel, the contact area between the wheel and the road surface generates normal and tangential interaction forces as well as the corresponding deformation of the tire and supporting road surface. The stiffness of the tire and supporting pavement determines the characteristics of deformation. When the elastic tire is on a hard road, the deformation of the tire is main. At this time, due to the elastic hysteresis caused by the internal friction of the tire, the work done to the tire during deformation cannot be fully recovered.
Taking the actual tire as an example, the side touching the ground is the loading deformation area in front of the normal, which is in the deformation stage. After the normal is the unloading deformation area, which is in the stage of restoring deformation. The work done by the ground reaction force in the loading deformation area to the tire is greater than the work released when the tire recovers deformation. Therefore, there is energy loss between the loading process and the unloading process. This energy is consumed by the friction between the internal components of the tire and the friction between the molecules of rubber, cord and other substances, which is converted into heat and disappeared in the atmosphere. This loss is the hysteresis loss of elastic material.
Further analysis shows that this kind of hysteresis loss is actually a resistance couple that hinders the wheel from rolling. When the wheel rolls, the corresponding points before and after the normal line, such as d and d, have the same deformation, but due to the hysteresis loss, The normal reaction force on the ground at the front of the compression is greater than the normal reaction force on the ground during the recovery process (it can also be understood that the tire at the rear of the normal line recovers slowly during the recovery deformation due to the hysteresis loss, so the contact area between the front and the rear and the ground is asymmetric, which results in different front and rear forces, and the front force is greater than the rear force). In this way, the ground normal reaction force is unevenly distributed in the front and back, and their resultant force Fz is a distance a from the normal forward force, which increases with the increase of elastic hysteresis. The resultant external force Fz is equal to the normal load W in size and opposite in direction.
The air resistance Fw suffered by a car when driving is greatly affected by the speed. The air resistance increases exponentially every time the speed is increased at high speed, and there is also a lot of air lift, which will seriously affect the stability and handling of the car. Therefore, spoilers are generally installed on some high-performance racing cars and sports cars. It is worth mentioning that adding a rear spoiler to some high-performance racing cars or sports cars will provide a downforce in the opposite direction of the air at high speeds and also reduce the induced resistance caused by the air lift. However, if a rear spoiler is added to a family car that often runs at low speeds, it will not only not provide the spoiler with its due role, but also increase the interference resistance, thereby increasing fuel consumption. Therefore, manufacturers will choose to use a hidden rear spoiler for cars that give consideration to both high performance and low-speed driving. When driving at low speed, it will be integrated with the rear boot cover to reduce interference resistance. However, when the speed reaches a certain value, it will automatically rise to provide downward pressure.
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